Composition of generation one fermion particles They are the carriers of the weak interactions. There are also three particles, the W+, W− and Z₀ gauge bosons, with spin-1 and they have mass and charge. Fermions exhibit half-integer spin, while bosons exhibit integer spin. All particles are classified into fermions, which obey Fermi-Dirac statistics and bosons, which obey Bose-Einstein statistics.

Subatomic particles may be classified into groups in several ways. Neutrinos, for example, experience only the weak and gravitational interaction according to current literature. (it causes interaction between states with rest mass.)Ī given particle may not necessarily be subject to all four interactions.

(it causes interactions between charges.) The four fundamental interactions or forces that govern the behavior of elementary particles are: According to our postulations the Higgs field represents the spacetime matrix, while the Higgs bosons represent the composing spacetime particles (SPs). The Higgs field has a particle associated with it, the Higgs boson. One of its main ingredients is the Higgs field responsible for endowing mass to particles.

This framework is known as the Standard Model. Particle physicists have developed a theoretical model that constitutes a framework for our understanding of the elementary particles and the four known forces of nature that accounts for our universe. For a fuller appreciation of this article you are advised to read the nature and properties of the proposed two hidden particles as shown in chapter 2 of the book. The spacetime matrix, the Higgs field, is composed from interwoven spacetime particles (Higgs bosons). The subatomic particles are manifestations of their quantum fields formed as geometrical excitations within the local spacetime matrix. In chapter 9 to 11 of the book we discuss the updated roles of the two fundamental hidden particles (FPs), namely the strings and the singularities, in the formation of the subatomic particles.